Quotes
- "When you're finished changing, you're finished."
--- Benjamin
Franklin
- "Fortune favors the prepared mind."
--- Louis Pasteur
- "The Future is already here. (It is just not uniformly
distributed.)."
--- William Gibson
- "Adherence to dogmas has destroyed more armies and cost more
battles than anything in war."
--- J.F.C. Fuller
- "Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the
character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after
the changes occur."
--- Giulio Douhet
- "If there is one attitude more dangerous than to assume that a
future war will be just like the last one, it is to imagine that it
will be so utterly different that we can afford to ignore all the
lessons of the last one."
--- MRAF Sir John C. Slessor
- "The talk you hear about adapting to change is not only stupid,
it's dangerous. The only way you can manage change is to create
it."
--- Peter Drucker
- "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the
most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most
adaptable to change."
--- Charles Darwin
- "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable
man persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all
progress depends on the unreasonable man."
--- George Bernard Shaw
- Full fathom five thy father lies;
Of his bones are coral
made;
Those are pearls that were his eyes:
Nothing of him that
doth fade
But doth suffer a sea-change
Into something rich and
strange.
--- Ariel, singing to Ferdinand, in Shakespeare's
Tempest
General
- Transformation
bibliography, U.S. Army War College Library
- Military
Transformation bibliography, Air University Library - includes
extensive internet resources
- How
Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?, by Gray, in
Parameters, Spring 2005 - wide-ranging discussion including a
section titled "The Strategic Potency of a Transforming Military Will
Be Disappointing"
- Transformation
Chief Outlines Strategy for New Battlefield (local
copy, pdf), (local copy, doc), American Forces Press Service
coverage of 4 Aug 2004 speech by Cebrowski
- Cebrowski said the time has come to turn old models upside-down.
The nation always has been strategically defensive and operationally
offensive, he said. As problems like the possibility of weapons of
mass destruction move in closer to home, he explained, it's becoming
obvious that being operationally defensive is more advantageous. And
because the consequences are so grave, strategic offense may be
necessary, he added. "This is a switch. It defies all the thinking
we've had … for American diplomacy for a long time," he said.
- The focus on intelligence has changed, too, he said. Social
intelligence -- an in-depth knowledge of local culture and customs
-- is being valued much more over military intelligence.
- The
American Way of War (Local copy), by
Cebrowski and Barnett, Transformation Trends newsletter, 13 Jan
2003
- The
Top 100 Rules of the New American Way of War (Local
copy), by Barnett and Gaffney, posted at the
NewRuleSets.Project at Naval War College
- Demystifying
Transformation (Local copy), 14 Aug 2002,
from American Forces Press Service, includes brief discussion of
Millennium Challenge 2002 and operations in Afghanistan and what they
show and don't show about transformation
- Defense
Transformation (Local copy, PDF), Testimony
of Andrew Krepinevich, Executive Director of Center for Strategic and
Budgetary Assessments, before the Senate Committee on Armed Services,
April 2002 (Local copy, HTML)
- Emerging
Threats, Revolutionary Capabilities And Military Transformation,
Testimony of Andrew Krepinevich, Executive Director of Center for
Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, before the Senate Armed Services
Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, 1999
NATO
Joint/DoD
- See also Strategic Visions - U.S., DoD, & services
- U.S. Joint Forces Command
(JFCOM) - leading the transformation of the US military
- DoD Office of Force
Transformation - check here for DoD roadmaps to future
- Changing
military culture key to transformation (Local
Copy), 7 Oct 04 notes from interview with Gen Myers
- The most important area for transformation is the space "between
our warfighters' ears," said the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff.
- Gen. Richard B. Myers addressed the need for servicemembers and
Department of Defense civilians to transform the way they think. He
said DOD people need to be more agile, innovative and not afraid to
take appropriate chances.
- The way the military has trained and educated leaders is a
hurdle that must be overcome, the chairman said.
- "We have to create a new generation of leaders who are not
constrained by what the doctrine says," he said.
- "In today's world, there ought to be a premium for people who
are thinking, innovative and are willing to take appropriate risks,"
he said. "If you don't try, and you stay locked in the doctrine that
brought you there, you're going to fail. You are not going to be as
good as you can be in terms of efficiency in the battlespace, and
you're probably going to hurt your people. You've got to adapt."
- General Myers said the U.S. Joint Forces Command is the
epicenter of transformation in the U.S. military.
- "In fact, given the threats we face, we have to take a hard look
at how we're organized and how we should be organized," he said.
- The chairman said people are working hard at changing the
culture. "But it's a big ship and not much of a rudder," he said.
"It's tough to turn the ship in the direction it needs to go."
- On the battlefield, people will be as innovative as they have to
be in order to be successful. "We have to make sure we support
that," General Myers said. "It's a formula for disaster if we don't
do this transformation."
- DoD's
Six Transformation Goals - "Defense officials have identified six
transformational goals as part of the national defense strategy:"
- Protect the U.S. homeland and critical bases of operation
- Deny enemies sanctuary
- Protect and sustain power in access-denied areas
- Leverage information technology to connect troops and their
operations
- Improve and protect information networks from attack
- Enhance space operations
- The
Top 100 Rules of the New American Way of War (Local
copy), by Barnett and Gaffney, posted at the
NewRuleSets.Project at Naval War College
- DoD -
Transforming the U.S. Military
- Transformation
Begins With Leadership (Local copy) -
report on 11 Feb 04 speech by DoD's director of force transformation
- "One of the great rules for transformation," he [Cebrowski]
said, "is if you want to transform go where the money is and on
arrival, change the rules. That's what we have to do.
- Leaders must be willing to "devalue" things, said Cebrowski.
- First and foremost, cultural change is a leadership issue, said
the transformation chief. "Culture is what leaders believe and how
leaders behave."
- Integrating
Innovation, Leadership, and Cultural Change (Local
copy), 21 Oct 03 presentation by Garstka at transformation
workshop
- Rumsfeld
Tells Congress Changes Needed to Increase Flexibility (Local copy)
"Today, we estimate we have some 320,000 uniformed people doing
nonmilitary jobs, yet we are calling up reserves to fight the global
war on terror."
- Special
Briefing on Force Transformation (Local
copy), 27 Nov 2001, by Arthur K. Cebrowski, Director, Force
Transformation
- DoD Directive 5100.1, Functions of the Department of Defense
and Its Major Components, 01 Aug 2002 -- with
organizational and semantic changes to DoD and the services --
"Cancels DoD Directive 5100.1, September 25, 1987; and Promulgates the
functions of the Department of Defense and its major components
according to Title 10, United States Code" (Local copy)
- Joint
and Service Visions of the Future
- Deputy SecDef Wolfowitz Testimony to the Senate on
Transformation, 9 Apr Jan 02, (Local
copy)
- three key points
- transformation is about changing the military culture into one
that encourages innovation and intelligent risk taking
- although we now face the enormous challenge of winning the
global war on terrorism, we must also address the equally large
challenge of preparing our forces for the future
- our overall goal is to encourage a series of transformations
that, in combination, can produce a revolutionary increase in our
military capability and redefine how war is fought
- four important new directions set in the QDR
- move away from the two Major Theater War (MTW) force planning
construct
- a new framework for assessing risk
- shift planning from "threat-based" model to
"capabilities-based" model
- determine what the strategic and operational challenges and
the goals to address them might be
- four categories of risk
- force management risks dealing with how we sustain our people,
equipment, and infrastructure
- operational risks dealing with the ability of our forces to
accomplish the missions called for in near-term military plans
- future challenges risks dealing with the investments and
changes needed today to permit us to deal with military challenges
of the more distant future
- institutional risks involved with inefficient processes and
excessive support requirements that jeopardize our ability to use
resources efficiently
- six transformation goals identified in the QDR
- First, to defend the U.S. homeland and other bases of
operations, and defeat nuclear, biological and chemical weapons
and their means of delivery
- Second, to deny enemies sanctuary-depriving them of the
ability to run or hide-anytime, anywhere
- Third, to project and sustain forces in distant theaters in
the face of access denial threats
- Fourth, to conduct effective operations in space
- Fifth, to conduct effective information operations; and,
- Sixth, to leverage information technology to give our joint
forces a common operational picture.
- accelerating cultural change and fostering
innovation
- SecDef speech on Transformation, 31 Jan 02 (Local copy)
- ... more realistic and balanced assessment of our near-term
warfighting needs.
- Instead of maintaining two occupation forces, we will place
greater emphasis on deterrence in four critical theaters, backed
by the ability to swiftly defeat two aggressors at the same time,
while preserving the option for one massive counter-offensive to
occupy an aggressor's capital and replace the regime.
- To prepare for the future,
- we also decided to move away from the so-called threat-based
strategy that had dominated our country's defense planning for
nearly a half-century and adopt what we characterized as a
capability-based strategy, one that focuses less on who might
threaten us or where we might be threatened, and more on how we
might be threatened and what we need to do to deter and defend
against such threats.
- ... must be focused on achieving six transformational goals:
- protect the U.S. homeland and our bases overseas
- project and sustain power in distant theaters
- deny our enemies sanctuary
- protect our information networks from attack
- use information technology to link up different kinds of U.S.
forces so that they can in fact fight jointly
- maintain unhindered access to space and protect our space
capabilities from enemy attack
- And we must transform not only our armed forces, but also the
Department that serves them by encouraging a
culture of creativity and intelligent risk taking.
Air Force
- See also Air Force vision documents
- See also Air Force Transformation Flight Plan
- See also Space Transformation, section below
- Airpower,
Jointness, and Transformation, by Fought, Key, and Seminar Six -
in Air & Space Power Journal, Winter 2003
- Global
Strike Task Force (GSTF): A Transforming Concept, Forged by
Experience, by Jumper, in Airpower Journal, Spring 2001
- USAF CONOPS
Champions website -- first place to look for info on AF CONOPS
- CSAF Task Force CONOPS - "we are
developing a family of Task Force CONOPS that will describe how we
tailor forces from the Expeditionary Air and Space Force (AEF)
construct and employ them in a variety of real-world scenarios" --
Gen Jumper, in Military Aerospace Technology Online, May 2002
- current list
- Global Mobility (GM)
- Space & C4ISR
- Nuclear Response (NR)
- Homeland Security (HLS)
- Integration
- Global Strike (GS)
- Global Persistent Attack (GPA)
- Agile Combat Support (ACS)
- previous list
- Global Mobility TF (GMTF)
- Air & Space C2ISR Task Force (A&S C2ISR)
- Nuclear Response Task Force (NRTF)
- Homeland Security Task Force (HLSTF)
- Air & Space Expeditionary Forces CONOPS (ASEF)
- Global Strike Task Force (GSTF)
- Global Response Task Force (GRTF)
- Air
Force Transformation: Past, Present, and Future, by Major General
David Deptula, in Aerospace Power Journal, Fall 2001
- Playing
Defense and Offense: Employing Rescue Resources as Offensive
Weapons, by Blumentritt, a SAAS paper
Army
Navy
- See also Navy vision documents
- Naval
Transformation Roadmap, 2003
- Submarine
Innovation, Navy Submarine Warfare Division
- Outliers
program at the Naval Postgraduate School
- Outliers is the new forum for the visionary, revolutionary,
controversial and even heretical ideas for military innovation that
are not easily incorporated into traditional military-sanctioned
briefs or publications. We provide a way for masterful and ingenious
ideas to be heard and create a process for their discussion and
profiling in the mainstream of society.
Marine
Coast
Guard
Logistics
Space
Key Documents and
Guidance
- See also Joint - DoD section above
- 2002
State of the Union
- SecDef speech on Transformation, 31 Jan 02 (Local copy)
- DoD
Transformation Study Report - Transforming Military Operations
Capabilities, 27 April 2001
- Quadrennial
Defense Review (QDR) Report, 30 Sep 2001
- Title
10, Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 (Local
copy)
- Professional
Military Education in 2020, from SpaceCast 2020 project, condensed
for Airpower Journal
- Foreign
Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015
(Local copy), Dec 2001 summary of a
National Intelligence Estimate
- Patterns of
Global Terrorism, Apr 2001 State Dept report
- Global
Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future with Nongovernment
Experts, Dec 2000 report prepared under the direction of the
National Intelligence Council
- The
Global Infectious Disease Threat and Its Implications for the United
States, Jan 2000 National Intelligence Estimate
- Report of
the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space
Management and Organization, Jan 2001 (aka "the Space Commission
Report")
- SpaceCast 2020,
1994 study hosted by Air University
- Air Force 2025,
1996 study hosted by Air University
- New World
Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century (Local copy), 1995, by AF Scientific Advisory
Board
- U.S.
Commission on National Security/21st Century (Local
copy), 1998-2001 Hart-Rudman Commission
- Preparing for
the 21st Century, An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, 1996 report
by the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States
Intelligence Community
Innovation Adoption - Diffusion Model(s)
- See also Innovation Adoption-Diffusion on Future Studies
page
- See also Creativity and Innovation on Thinking Skills page
- The
Changing Landscape of Defense Innovation (Local
copy), by Bracken, Brandt, and Johnson - Defense
Horizons Number 47, July 2005 - Center for Technology and National
Security Policy, NDU
- Workshop
Introducing Innovation and Risk: Implications of Transforming the
Culture of DoD (Local copy), by Johnson,
IDA hosted workshop Mar 2004 for the Office of Force Transformation -
including discussion of individual and organizational resistance to
change
- Integrating
Innovation, Leadership, and Cultural Change (Local
copy), 21 Oct 03 presentation by Garstka at transformation
workshop
Winning
at Change, by John P. Kotter, in Leader to Leader, Fall
1998 - excellent article, and a quick read
- includes several short discussions of topics such as balancing
short-term change with long-term vision, creating a vision, and
traits of effective leaders
- includes four mistakes that are "the source of most failures"
(with explanations)
- Writing a memo instead of lighting a fire
- Talking too much and saying too little
- Declaring victory before the war is over
- Looking for villains in all the wrong places
- includes three keys to building guiding coalitions (with
explanations)
- Engaging the right talent
- Growing the coalition strategically
- Working as a team, not just a collection of individuals
- includes his "Eight Steps to Transform Your Organization" (with
substeps)
- Establish a Sense of Urgency
- Form a Powerful Guiding Coalition
- Create a Vision
- Communicate the Vision
- Empower Others to Act on the Vision
- Plan for and Create Short-Term Wins
- Consolidate Improvements and Produce Still More Change
- Institutionalize New Approaches
- Leadership
Styles for the Five Stages of Radical Change (local
copy), by Reardon, Reardon, and Rowe, in Acquisition
Review Quarterly, discusses the leadership styles best suited to
each phase of the change process - (phases listed below)
- planning
- enabling
- launching
- catalyzing
- maintaining
- Radical
Change by Entrepreneurial Design(local
copy), by Roberts, in Acquisition Review Quarterly,
"opens with a typology that defines change in terms of its pace and
scope, and defines radical change as the swift transformation of an
entire system."
- Predicting
Military Innovation, annotated briefing from RAND
Gunfire
at Sea: A Case Study of Innovation -- includes discussion of
reasons behind resistance to change, and examples which may look
familiar
- Joint Center for International
and Security Studies (JCISS)
- Innovation
and the Military Mind, by Air Vice-Marshal R. A. Mason
- Leadership
and High Technology, by Brig Gen Stuart R. Boyd
- Leadership:
Creativity and Innovation, Dr William R. Klemm
- Organizational
Change: An Assessment of Trust and Cynicism (Local
copy), 2000 paper by Thompson et al, for FAA
Adaptive Learning
Organizations
- See also organizational learning
- Learning
Organization Doctrine - Roadmap for Transformation (local copy), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -
discusses use of tools, such as 7S model, to become a "learning
organization"
- "The new Corps can become a complex, self-organizing,
adaptive learning organization where people are empowered to
be creative and innovative to help diverse civilian and military
clients succeed."
- USACE
2012: Future Corporate and HQ Design Study - Appendix C: Future Ideal
Corporate Design (local copy), U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers - discusses from the vantage point of 2012 what the
CoE went through to become a learning organization
- Sytems
Thinking and Learning Organizations (Local
copy), in Strategic Leadership and Decision Making,
NDU publication
- Al-Qaida
in Action and Learning: A Systems Approach (Local
copy), paper by Lutes, George Washington University
- Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of
The Learning Organization (New York: Doubleday/Currency, 1990
- book
review (Local copy) of The Fifth
Discipline, by Senge, 1990
- Asymmetry
and Adaptive Command (Local copy), by
Worley, in Military Review, July-Aug 2001
- Thinking
About ... Learning in DoD: Changing the Culture (local
copy, PDF version, 300 Kb), briefing by Wertheim, posted at
DODCCRP - emphasis on need for more cultural education and
understanding and skills
(original PPT file, 2 Mb)
Books, Articles, etc.
- Crack
in the Foundation: Defense Transformation and the Underlying
Assumption of Dominant Knowledge in Future War (Local
copy), by McMaster, CSL at Army War College
- Transforming
America's Military (Local copy), by NDU
Press
- Military
Transformation and the Defense Industry after Next (Local copy), Newport Paper No. 18, Naval War
College
- Military Reform Project,
Center for Defense Information (CDI)
- A Swift,
Elusive Sword: What If Sun Tzu and John Boyd Did a National Defense
Review, by Richards, at CDI
- Battlefield
of the Future, Sep 1995 book by Schneider, et al
- Blue
Horizon: US - Japan - PRC Tripartite Relations (Local
copy), NDU book online
- Organizational
Change: An Assessment of Trust and Cynicism (Local
copy), 2000 paper by Thompson et al, for FAA
- The
Revenge of the Melians: Asymmetric Threats and the Next QDR (Local copy), McNair paper by McKenzie --
extensive look at asymmetries U.S. faces
- Illuminating
Tomorrow's War (Local copy), McNair paper
by Libicki -- looking at sensor warfare and the Global Grid system of
systems (over 6 Mb file size)
- A
Kill Is A Kill -- Asymmetrically Attacking U.S. Airpower, 1999
SAAS paper by O'Halloran
- A
Military for the 21st Century: Lessons from the Recent Past (Local copy), by Zinni, for Strategic
Forum, July 2001
- Military
Lessons from Desert One to the Balkans (Local
copy), by Ike Skelton, for Strategic Forum, October
2000
- Army
Transformation: A Tale of Two Doctrines, by Jablonsky, in
Parameters, Autumn 2001
- Transforming
the U.S. Armed Forces - Rhetoric or Reality?, by Mahnken, in
Naval War College Review, Summer 2001
- The
Next Twist of the RMA, by Metz, in Parameters, Autumn 2000
- Measuring
the Effects of Network-Centric Warfare
- Ten
Propositions Regarding Spacepower, Jun 2001 SAAS paper, by Smith
- The
Transformation Trinity - A Model for Strategic Innovation and Its
Application to Space Power, Jun 2000 SAAS paper, by McClintock
- Transforming
Warfare with Effects-Based Joint Operations, by Bingham, in Spring
2001 Airpower Journal
- A
Strategy for a Long Peace, by Krepinevich, 12 Feb 2001 Senate
committee testimony (Local copy)
- Emerging
Threats, Revolutionary Capabilities, and Military Transformation,
by Krepinevich, Senate testimony addressing barriers to progress and
other items which would need to be considered and/or modeled when
looking to the future
- House
Subcommittee Testimony on Defense Modernization, Krepinevich, 8
Oct 1998 (Local copy)
- War
Winning Paradigms and Visions for High-End Warfare, research paper
by Ruhlman
- Organizational
Change and the New Technologies of War, by Dunlap
[return to
top]